Environmental and Social Governance of Post-Coal Mining in Rural Indonesia

Abstract

This research addresses the significant environmental and social challenges prevalent in post-coal mining rural areas of Indonesia, which profoundly impact local ecosystems, land use, and community quality of life. These issues, including land degradation, water contamination, and community displacement, directly hinder the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 15 (Life on Land). Recognizing the urgency of effective governance, sustainable reclamation, and interdisciplinary approaches, this study aimed to explore the understanding, experiences, and expectations of village heads concerning post-mining environmental and social impacts and their management within the PT Borneo Indobara operational area. Furthermore, it discusses various governance approaches alongside the challenges and opportunities faced by rural Indonesian communities in this transition. Employing a rigorous qualitative methodology, in-depth interviews were conducted with village heads from five coal-mining-affected villages: Banjarsari, Mekarjaya, Angsana, Bunati, and Mangkalapi. Interview data were meticulously analyzed using ATLAS.ti software and cross-validated with multiple sources to ensure robustness and a comprehensive understanding of the village leaders' perspectives. The principal results, derived from thematic mapping, underscore that effective post-coal mining governance necessitates collaborative synergy among mining companies, local communities, and government stakeholders. Key findings highlight the critical importance of entrepreneurship training to foster economic resilience and create alternative livelihoods, the need for effective land reclamation implementation and its efficacy, and the management of the mixed positive and negative socioeconomic impacts, which are highly contingent on genuine community involvement and company policies. In conclusion, achieving a just and sustainable transition in post-mining regions demands a primary focus on authentic community engagement, equitable benefit distribution, institutional accountability, and long-term economic planning. This study contributes vital insights into village leaders' perspectives on these complex transitions, emphasizing a multi-stakeholder approach, sustainable reclamation practices, and diversification into alternative economic activities as crucial elements for holistic post-mining management, ecosystem preservation, and enhancing community welfare.