A Narrative Review: The Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Abstract

The chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health challenge within every community, with a rising prevalence in recent years. The contribution of the immune system and the inflammatory process is increasingly recognized as the beginning of CKD pathophysiology. Risk factors such as glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obstructive nephropathy also contribute to the progression of inflammation in CKD. Inflammation that occurs is triggered by both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Inflammatory response that is related to adaptive immunity in CKD can be either cellular immunity or humoral immunity, in which they can produce pro-inflammatory mediators. Pro-inflammatory mediators can alter renal hemodynamics, sodium and water homeostasis, and blood pressure. Uncontrolled inflammation response results in glomerular, tubular, and interstitial damage. This process can cause or contribute significantly to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The consequence of CKD is end stage kidney disease (ESKD) with Malnutrition-Inflammation-Atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome and renal anemia.